濕地公約
濕地公約是關(guān)于特別是作為水禽棲息地的國際重要濕地公約。國際濕地公約全稱為《關(guān)于特別是作為水禽棲息地的國際重要濕地公約》。
1971年2月2日訂于拉姆薩爾，經(jīng)1982年3月12日議定書修正。各締約國承認人類同其環(huán)境的相互依存關(guān)系；考慮到濕地的調(diào)節(jié)水分循環(huán)和維持濕地特有的支植物特別是水禽棲息地的基本生態(tài)功能；相信濕地為具有巨大經(jīng)濟、文化、科學(xué)及娛樂價值的資源，其損失將不可彌補；期望現(xiàn)在及將來阻止?jié)竦氐谋恢鸩角治g及喪失；承認季節(jié)性遷徙中的水禽可能超越國界，因此應(yīng)被視為國際性資源；確信遠見卓識的國內(nèi)政策與協(xié)調(diào)一致國際行動相結(jié)合能夠確保對濕地及其動植物的保護。
背景意義 編輯本段
濕地與森林、海洋并稱全球三大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，也是價值最高的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)《濕地公約》的定義，濕地包括沼澤、泥炭地、濕草甸、湖泊、河流、滯蓄洪區(qū)、河口三角洲、灘涂、水庫、池塘、水稻田以及低潮時水深淺于6米的海域地帶等。
濕地具有涵養(yǎng)水源、凈化水質(zhì)、調(diào)蓄洪水、控制土壤侵蝕、補充地下水、美化環(huán)境、調(diào)節(jié)氣候、維持碳循環(huán)和保護海岸等極為重要的生態(tài)功能，是生物多樣性的重要發(fā)源地之一，因此也被譽為“地球之腎”、“天然水庫”和“天然物種庫”。據(jù)聯(lián)合國環(huán)境署2002年的權(quán)威研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示，1公頃濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)每年創(chuàng)造的價值高達1.4萬美元，是熱帶雨林的7倍，是農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的160倍。濕地還是許多珍稀野生動植物賴以生存的基礎(chǔ)，對維護生態(tài)平衡、保護生物多樣性具有特殊的意義。
多年來，全球濕地伴隨著全球化進程的加快而不斷遭到破壞。因此，保護濕地成為一個世界性的問題。
1971年2月2日，來自18個國家的代表在伊朗南部海濱小城拉姆薩爾簽署了一個旨在保護和合理利用全球濕地的公約——《關(guān)于特別是作為水禽棲息地的國際重要濕地公約》（Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ，簡稱《濕地公約》）。該公約于1975年12月21日正式生效，目前，有158個締約方。
《濕地公約》的宗旨是通過各成員國之間的合作加強對世界濕地資源的保護及合理利用，以實現(xiàn)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的持續(xù)發(fā)展。目前，《濕地公約》已成為國際重要的自然保護公約之一，1828塊在生態(tài)學(xué)、植物學(xué)、動物學(xué)、湖沼學(xué)或水文學(xué)方面具有獨特意義的濕地被列入國際重要濕地名錄，總面積約1.69億公頃。
公約全文 編輯本段
關(guān)于特別是作為水禽棲息地的國際重要濕地公約
（1971年2月2日定于拉姆薩，經(jīng)1982年3月12日議定書修正）
各締約國，承認人類同其環(huán)境的相互依存關(guān)系；
考慮到濕地的調(diào)節(jié)水份循環(huán)和維持濕地特有的動植物特別是水禽棲息地的基本生態(tài)功能；相信濕地為具有巨大的經(jīng)濟、文化、科學(xué)及娛樂價值的資源，其損失將不可彌補；
期望現(xiàn)在及將來阻止?jié)竦氐谋恢鸩角治g及喪失；
承認季節(jié)性遷徙中的水禽可能超越國界，因此應(yīng)被視為國際性資源；
確信遠見卓識的國內(nèi)政策與協(xié)調(diào)一致的國際行動相結(jié)合能夠確保對濕地及其動物的保護；
茲協(xié)議如下：
第一條
1.為本公約的目的。濕地系指不問其為天然或人工、長久或暫時之沼澤地、濕原、泥炭地或水域地帶，帶有或靜止或流動、或為淡水、半咸水或咸水體者，包括低潮時水深不超過六米的水域。
2.為本公約的目的，水禽系指生態(tài)學(xué)上依賴于濕地的鳥類。
第二條
1.各締約國應(yīng)指定其領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的適當(dāng)濕地列入由依第八條所設(shè)管局保管的國際重要濕地名冊，下稱""名冊"".每一濕地的界線應(yīng)精確記述并標(biāo)記在地圖上，并可包括鄰接濕地的河湖沿岸、沿海區(qū)域以及濕地范圍的島域或低潮時不超過六米的水域，特別是當(dāng)其具有水禽棲息地意義時.
2.選入名冊的濕地應(yīng)根據(jù)其在生態(tài)學(xué)上、植物學(xué)上、湖沼學(xué)上和水文上的國際意義。首先應(yīng)選入在所有季節(jié)對水禽具有國際重要性的濕地。
3.選入名冊的濕地不妨礙濕地所在地締約國的專屬主權(quán)權(quán)力。
4.各締約國按第九條規(guī)定簽署本公約或交存批準(zhǔn)書或加入書時，應(yīng)至少指定一處濕地列入名冊。
5.任何締約國應(yīng)有權(quán)將其境內(nèi)的濕地增列入名冊，擴大已列入名冊的濕地的界線或由于緊急的國家利益已列入名冊的濕地撤消或縮小其范圍，并應(yīng)盡早將任何上述變更通知第八條規(guī)定的負責(zé)執(zhí)行局職責(zé)的有關(guān)組織或政府。
6.各締約國在指定列入名冊的濕地時或行使變更名冊中與其領(lǐng)土內(nèi)濕地有關(guān)的記錄時，應(yīng)考慮其對水禽遷移種群所養(yǎng)護、管理和合理的國際責(zé)任。
第三條
1.締約國應(yīng)指定并實施其計劃以促進已列入名冊的濕地的養(yǎng)護并盡可能地促進其境內(nèi)濕地的合理利用。
2.如其境內(nèi)的及已列入名冊的任何濕地的生態(tài)特征由于技術(shù)發(fā)展、污染和其他人類干擾而已經(jīng)改變，各締約國應(yīng)盡早相互通報。有關(guān)這些變化的情況，應(yīng)不延遲地轉(zhuǎn)告按第八條所規(guī)定的負責(zé)執(zhí)行局職責(zé)的組織或政府。
第四條
1.應(yīng)設(shè)置濕地自然保護區(qū)，無論該濕地是否已列入名冊，以促進濕地和水禽的養(yǎng)護并應(yīng)對其進行充分的監(jiān)護。
2.締約國因其緊急的國家利益需對已列入名冊的濕地撤消或縮小其范圍時，應(yīng)盡可能補償濕地資源的任何喪失，特別是應(yīng)為水禽及保護原棲息地適當(dāng)部分而在同一地區(qū)或在其他地方設(shè)立另外的自然保護區(qū)。
3.締約國應(yīng)鼓勵關(guān)于濕地及其動植物的研究及數(shù)據(jù)和出版物的交換。
4.締約國應(yīng)努力通過管理增加適當(dāng)濕地上水禽的數(shù)量。
5.締約國應(yīng)促進能勝任濕地研究、管理及監(jiān)護人員的訓(xùn)練。
第五條
締約國應(yīng)就履行本公約的義務(wù)相互協(xié)商，特別是當(dāng)一片濕地跨越一個以上締約國領(lǐng)土或多個締約國共處同一水系時。同時，他們應(yīng)盡力協(xié)調(diào)和支持有關(guān)養(yǎng)護濕地及其動植物的現(xiàn)行和未來政策與規(guī)定。
第六條
1.締約國應(yīng)在必要時召開關(guān)于養(yǎng)護濕地和水禽的會議。
2.這種會議應(yīng)是咨詢性的，并除其他外，有權(quán)：
A.討論本公約的實施情況；
B.討論名冊之增加和變更事項；
C.審議關(guān)于依第三條第2款所規(guī)定的列入名冊濕地生態(tài)學(xué)特別變化的情況；
D.向締約國提出關(guān)于濕地及其動植物的養(yǎng)護、管理和合理利用的一般性或具體建議；
E.要求有關(guān)國際機構(gòu)就影響地、本質(zhì)上屬于國際性的事項編制報告和統(tǒng)計資料。
3.締約國應(yīng)確保對濕地管理負有責(zé)任的各級機構(gòu)知曉并考慮上述會議關(guān)于濕地及其動植物的養(yǎng)護、管和合理利用的建議。
第七條
1.締約國出席這種會議的代表，應(yīng)包括以其科學(xué)、行政或其他適當(dāng)職務(wù)所獲得知識和經(jīng)驗而成為濕地或水禽方面專家的人士。
2.出席會議的每一締約國應(yīng)有一票表決權(quán)，建議以所投票數(shù)的簡單多數(shù)通過，但須不少于半數(shù)的締約國參加投票。
第八條
1.保護自然和自然資源國際聯(lián)盟應(yīng)履行本公約執(zhí)行局的職責(zé)，直至全體締約國三分之二多數(shù)委派其他組織或政府時止。
2.執(zhí)行局職責(zé)除其他外，應(yīng)為：
A.協(xié)助召集和組織第六條規(guī)定的會議；
B.保管國際重要濕地名冊并接受締約國根據(jù)第二條第五款的規(guī)定對已列入名冊的濕地增加、擴大、撤消或縮小的通知；
C.接受締約國根據(jù)第三條第二款規(guī)定對已列入名冊的濕地的生態(tài)特征發(fā)生任何變化的通知；
D.將名冊的任何改變或名冊內(nèi)濕地特征的變化通知所有的締約國，并安排這些事宜在下次會上討論；
E.將會議關(guān)于名冊變更或名冊內(nèi)濕地變化特征的建議告知各有關(guān)締約國。
第九條
1.本公約將無限期開放供簽署。
2.聯(lián)合國或某一專門機構(gòu)、國際原子能機構(gòu)的任一成員國或國際法院的規(guī)約當(dāng)事國均可以下述方式成為本公約的締約方：
A.簽署無須批準(zhǔn)；
B.簽署有待批準(zhǔn)，隨后再予批準(zhǔn)；
C.加入。
3.批準(zhǔn)或加入應(yīng)以向聯(lián)合國教育科學(xué)及文化組織的總干事（以下簡稱“保存機關(guān)”）交存批準(zhǔn)書或加文書為生效。
交存
第十條
1.本公約自七個國家根據(jù)第九條第二款成為本公約締約國四個月后生效。
2.此后，本公約應(yīng)在其簽署無須批準(zhǔn)或交存批準(zhǔn)書或加入書之后四個月對各締約國生效。
第十條 之二
1.公約可按照本條在為此目的召開的締約國會議上予以修正。
2.修正建議可疑由任何締約國提出。
3.所提修正案文及其理由應(yīng)提交給履行執(zhí)行局職責(zé)的組織或政府（以下稱為執(zhí)行局）并立即由執(zhí)行局轉(zhuǎn)送所有締約國。締約國對案文的任何評論應(yīng)在執(zhí)行局修正案轉(zhuǎn)交締約國之日三個月內(nèi)交給執(zhí)行局。執(zhí)行局應(yīng)于提交評論最后一日立即將至該日所提交的所有評論轉(zhuǎn)交締約國。
4.審議按照第3款所轉(zhuǎn)交的修正案的締約國會議應(yīng)由執(zhí)行局根據(jù)三分一締約國的書面請求召集。執(zhí)行局就會議的時間和地點同締約國協(xié)商。
5.修正案以出席參加的締約國三分之二多數(shù)通過。
6.通過的修正案應(yīng)于三分之二締約國向保存機關(guān)交存接受書之日后第四個月第一天對接受的締約國生效。對在三分之二的締約國交存接受書之后交存接受書的締約國，修正案應(yīng)于其交存接受書之日后第四個月第一天生效。
第十一條
1.本公約將無限期有效。
2.任何締約國可于公約對其生效之日起五年后以書面通知保存機關(guān)退出本公約，退出應(yīng)于保存機收到通知之后四個月生效。
第十二條
1.保存機應(yīng)盡快將以下事項通知簽署和加入本公約的所有國家：
A.公約的簽署；
B.公約批準(zhǔn)書的交存；
C.公約加入書的交存；
D.公約的生效日期；
E.退出公約的日期。
2.一俟本公約開始生效，保存入應(yīng)按照聯(lián)合國憲章第一百零二條將本公約向聯(lián)合國秘書處登記。
下列簽字者經(jīng)正式授權(quán)，謹簽字于本公約，以資證明。
一九七一年二月二日訂于拉姆薩，正本一份，以英文、法文、德文和俄文寫成，所有文本具有同等效力，保存于保存機，保存機關(guān)應(yīng)將核證無誤副本個送所有的締約國。
英文全文 編輯本段
Article 1
For the purpose of this Convention wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.
For the purpose of this Convention waterfowl are birds ecologically dependent on wetlands.
Article 2
Each Contracting Party shall designate suitable wetlands within its territory for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance, hereinafter referred to as "the List" which is maintained by the bureau established under Article 8. The boundaries of each wetland shall be precisely described and also delimited on a map and they may incorporateriparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands, especially where these have importance as waterfowl habitat.
Wetlands should be selected for the List on account of their international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. In the first instance wetlands of international importance to waterfowl at any season should be included.
The inclusion of a wetland in the List does not prejudice the exclusive sovereign rights of the Contracting Party in whose territory the wetland is situated.
Each Contracting Party shall designate at least one wetland to be included in the List when signing this Convention or when depositing its instrument of ratification or accession, as provided in Article 9.
Any Contracting Party shall have the right to add to the List further wetlands situated within its territory, to extend the boundaries of those wetlands already included by it in the List, or, because of its urgent national interests, to delete or restrict the boundaries of wetlands already included by it in the List and shall, at the earliest possible time, inform the organization or government responsible for the continuing bureau duties specified in Article 8 of any such changes.
Each Contracting Party shall consider its international responsibilities for the conservation, management and wise use of migratory stocks of waterfowl, both when designating entries for the List and when exercising its right to change entries in the List relating to wetlands within its territory.
Article 3
The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory.
Each Contracting Party shall arrange to be informed at the earliest possible time if the ecological character of any wetland in its territory and included in the List has changed, is changing or is likely to change as the result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. Information on such changes shall be passed without delay to the organization or government responsible for the continuing bureau duties specified in Article 8.
Article 4
Each Contracting Party shall promote the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl by establishing nature reserves on wetlands, whether they are included in the List or not, and provide adequately for their wardening.
Where a Contracting Party in its urgent national interest, deletes or restricts the boundaries of a wetland included in the List, it should as far as possible compensate for any loss of wetland resources, and in particular it should create additional nature reserves for waterfowl and for the protection, either in the same area or elsewhere, of an adequate portion of the original habitat.
The Contracting Parties shall encourage research and the exchange of data and publications regarding wetlands and their flora and fauna.
The Contracting Parties shall endeavour through management to increase waterfowl populations on appropriate wetlands.
The Contracting Parties shall promote the training of personnel competent in the fields of wetland research, management and wardening.
Article 5
The Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about implementing obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case of a wetland extending over the territories of more than one Contracting Party or where a water system is shared by Contracting Parties. They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate and support present and future policies and regulations concerning the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna.
Article 6
There shall be established a Conference of the Contracting Parties to review and promote the implementation of this Convention. The Bureau referred to in Article 8, paragraph 1, shall convene ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Contracting Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Conference decides otherwise, and extraordinary meetings at the written requests of at least one third of the Contracting Parties. Each ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties shall determine the time and venue of the next ordinary meeting.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall be competent:
to discuss the implementation of this Convention;
to discuss additions to and changes in the List;
to consider information regarding changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3;
to make general or specific recommendations to the Contracting Parties regarding the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna;
to request relevant international bodies to prepare reports and statistics on matters which are essentially international in character affecting wetlands;
to adopt other recommendations, or resolutions, to promote the functioning of this Convention.
The Contracting Parties shall ensure that those responsible at all levels for wetlands management shall be informed of, and take into consideration, recommendations of such Conferences concerning the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall adopt rules of procedure for each of its meetings.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall establish and keep under review the financial regulations of this Convention. At each of its ordinary meetings, it shall adopt the budget for the next financial period by a two-third majority of Contracting Parties present and voting.
Each Contracting Party shall contribute to the budget according to a scale of contributions adopted by unanimity of the Contracting Parties present and voting at a meeting of the ordinary Conference of the Contracting Parties.
Article 7
The representatives of the Contracting Parties at such Conferences should include persons who are experts on wetlands or waterfowl by reason of knowledge and experience gained in scientific, administrative or other appropriate capacities.
Each of the Contracting Parties represented at a Conference shall have one vote, recommendations, resolutions and decisions being adopted by a simple majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting, unless otherwise provided for in this Convention.
Article 8
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources shall perform the continuing bureau duties under this Convention until such time as another organization or government is appointed by a majority of two-thirds of all Contracting Parties.
The continuing bureau duties shall be, inter alia:
to assist in the convening and organizing of Conferences specified in Article 6;
to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Importance and to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any additions, extensions, deletions or restrictions concerning wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 2;
to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3;
to forward notification of any alterations to the List, or changes in character of wetlands included therein, to all Contracting Parties and to arrange for these matters to be discussed at the next Conference;
to make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the recommendations of the Conferences in respect of such alterations to the List or of changes in the character of wetlands included therein.
Article 9
This Convention shall remain open for signature indefinitely.
Any member of the United Nations or of one of the Specialized Agencies or of the International Atomic Energy Agency or Party to the statute of the International Court of Justice may become a Party to this Convention by:
signature without reservation as to ratification;
signature subject to ratification followed by ratification;
accession.
Ratification or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the Depositary").
Article 10
This Convention shall enter into force four months after seven States have become Parties to this Convention in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 9.
thereafterthis Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting Party four months after the day of its signature without reservation as to ratification, or its deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 10 bis
This Convention may be amended at a meeting of the Contracting Parties convened for that purpose in accordance with this article.
Proposals for amendment may be made by any Contracting Party.
The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to the organization or government performing the continuing bureau duties under the Convention (hereinafter referred to as "the Bureau") and shall promptly be communicated by the Bureau to all Contracting Parties. Any comments on the text by the Contracting Parties shall be communicated to the Bureau within three months of the date on which the amendments were communicated to the Contracting Parties by the Bureau. The Bureau shall, immediately after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to the Contracting Parties all comments submitted by that day.
A meeting of Contracting Parties to consider an amendment communicated in accordance with paragraph 3 shall be convened by the Bureau upon the written request of one third of the Contracting Parties. The Bureau shall consult the Parties concerning the time and venue of the meeting.
Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting.
An amendment adopted shall enter into force for the Contracting Parties which have accepted it on the first day of the fourth month following the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary. For each Contracting Party which deposits an instrument of acceptance after the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force on the first day of the fourth month following the date of the deposit of its instrument of acceptance.
Article 11
This Convention shall continue in force for an indefinite period.
Any Contracting Party may denounce this Convention after a period of five years from the date on which it entered into force for that party by giving written notice thereof to the Depositary. denunciation shall take effect four months after the day on which notice thereof is received by the Depositary.
Article 12
1. The Depositary shall inform all States that have signed and acceded to this Convention as soon as possible of:
a.signatures to the Convention;
b.deposits of instruments of ratification of this Convention;
c.deposits of instruments of accession to this Convention;
d.the date of entry into force of this Convention;
e.notifications of denunciation of this Convention.
2. When this Convention has entered into force, the Depositary shall have it registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter.
主要活動 編輯本段
濕地公約新會標(biāo)
1998年：公約常委會通過新的《濕地公約》標(biāo)志(Ramsar 拉姆薩爾文字配以由藍變綠的背景，兩條白線代表波浪)。該標(biāo)志顯示公約內(nèi)涵的擴展，從單純的水鳥棲息地到以水為主體的變化。
1999年5月在哥斯達黎加召開的第7屆締約方大會上，決定編纂一套工具書，正式確認國際鳥類組織、世界保護聯(lián)盟、濕地國際和世界自然基金會為公約的伙伴組織。
第10屆濕地公約締約方大會于2008年10月8日至11月4日在韓國釜山召開。
保護狀況 編輯本段
濕地公約國家林業(yè)局還專門成立了《濕地公約》履約辦公室，通過廣泛的國內(nèi)外合作提高中國濕地保護的履約能力。
2006年底，我國已經(jīng)建立了各種級別的濕地保護區(qū)473個，已有45%的天然濕地納入保護區(qū)范圍得到了較好保護。
2007年9月，國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)成立中國履行《濕地公約》國家委員會，協(xié)調(diào)和指導(dǎo)國內(nèi)相關(guān)部門開展履行《濕地公約》相關(guān)工作。
截至2008年，中國共有36塊濕地加入《國際重要濕地名錄》，（可參看“中國國際重要濕地名錄”）達賚湖等4個濕地類型保護區(qū)還加入了國際人與生物圈網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
全球濕地面積達5.73億公頃。中國首次濕地資源調(diào)查顯示，我國現(xiàn)有濕地面積約3848萬公頃，居亞洲第一位，世界第四位。
據(jù)全國濕地資源調(diào)查統(tǒng)計，我國現(xiàn)有100公頃以上的各類濕地3848.55萬公頃（不包括水稻田），現(xiàn)存自然或半自然濕地占國土總面積的3.77%（2005年）。
生效時間 編輯本段
1971年2月2日訂于接姆薩爾，正本一份，以英文、法文、德文和俄文寫成，所有文本具有同等效力，保存于保存機關(guān)，保存機關(guān)應(yīng)將核證無誤副本分送所有締約國。
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